This Glossary includes all proper names (excepting a few which are insignificant or unknown) and all obsolete or obscure words.

ADRIANUS, or Hadrian (76-138 A. D.)

14th Roman Emperor.

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius (63-12 B.C.)

A distinguished soldier under Augustus.

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia, and Conqueror of the East, 356-323 B.C.

Antisthenes of Athens

Founder of the sect of Cynic philosophers, and an opponent of Plato, 5th century B.C Antoninus Pius, 15th Roman Emperor, 138-161 AD. one of the best princes that ever mounted a throne.

Apathia

The Stoic ideal was calmness in all circumstance an insensibility to pain, and absence of all exaltation at, pleasure or good fortune.

Apelles

A famous painter of antiquity.

Apollonius of Alexandria

Called Dyscolus, or the 'ill-tempered,' a great grammarian.

Aposteme

Tumour, excrescence.

Archimedes of Syracuse 287-212 B.C.

The most famous mathematician of antiquity.

Athos

A mountain promontory at the N. of the Aegean Sea.

Augustus

First Roman Emperor (ruled 31 B.C.-14 AD.).

Avoid

Void.

BACCHIUS

There were several persons of this name, and the one meant is perhaps the musician.

Brutus

(1) The liberator of the Roman people from their kings, and (2) the murderer of Caesar. Both names were household words.

Caesar, Caius, Julius

The Dictator and Conqueror.

Caieta

A town in Latium.

Camillus

A famous dictator in the early days of the Roman Republic.

Carnuntum

A town on the Danube in Upper Pannonia.

Cato

Called of Utica, a Stoic who died by his own hand after the battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C. His name was proverbial for virtue and courage.

Cautelous

Cautious.

Cecrops

First legendary King of Athens.

Charax

Perhaps the priestly historian of that name, whose date is unknown, except that it must be later than Nero.

Chirurgeon

Surgeon.

Chrysippus

280-207 B.C., a Stoic philosopher, and the founder of Stoicism as a systematic philosophy.

Circus

The Circus Maximus at Rome, where games were held. There were four companies who contracted to provide horses, drivers, etc. These were called Factiones, and each had its distinguishing colour: russata (red), albata (white), veneta (blue), prasina (green). There was high rivalry between them, and riots and bloodshed not infrequently.

Cithaeron

A mountain range N. of Attica.

Comedy

Ancient; a term applied to the Attic comedy of Aristophanes and his time, which criticised persons and politics, like a modern comic journal, such as Punck. See New Comedy.

Compendious

Short.

Conceit

Opinion.

Contentation

Contentment.

Crates

A Cynic philosopher of the 4th century B.C.

Croesus

King of Lydia, proverbial for wealth; he reigned 560-546 B.C.

Cynics

A school of philosophers, founded by Antisthenes. Their texts were a kind of caricature of Socraticism. Nothing was good but virtue, nothing bad but vice. The Cynics repudiated all civil and social claims, and attempted to return to what they called a state of nature. Many of them were very disgusting in their manners.

DEMETRIUS of Phalerum

An Athenian orator, statesman, philosopher, and poet. Born 345 B.C.

Democritus of Abdera (460-361 B.C.)

Celebrated as the 'laughing philosopher,' whose constant thought was 'What fools these mortals be.' He invented the Atomic Theory.

Dio of Syracuse

A disciple of Plato, and afterwards tyrant of Syracuse. Murdered 353 B.C.

Diogenes, the Cynic

Born about 412 B.C., renowned for his rudeness and hardihood.

Diognetus

A painter.

Dispense with

Put up with.

Dogmata

Pithy sayings, or philosophical rules of life.

EMPEDOCLES of Agrigentum, fl. 5th century B.C.

A philosopher, who first laid down that there were "four elements." He believed in the transmigration of souls, and the indestructibility of matter.

Epictetus

A famous Stoic philosopher. He was of Phrygia, at first a slave, then freedman, lame, poor, and contented. The work called Encheiridion was compiled by a pupil from his discourses.

Epicureans

A sect of philosophers founded by Epicurus, who "combined the physics of Democritus," i.e. the atomic theory, "with the ethics of Aristippus."

Epicurus of Samos, 342-270 B.C.

Lived at Athens in his "gardens," an urbane and kindly, if somewhat useless, life. His character was simple and temperate, and had none of the vice or indulgence which was afterwards associated with the name of Epicurean.

Eudoxus of Cnidus

A famous astronomer and physician of the 4th century B. C.

FATAL

Fated.

Fortuit

Chance (adj.).

Fronto, M. Cornelius

A rhetorician and pleader, made consul in 143 A.D. A number of his letters to M, Aur. and others are extant.

GRANUA

A tributary of the Danube.

HELICE

Ancient capital city of Achaia, swallowed up by an earthquake, 373 B.C.

Helvidius Priscus

Son-in-law of Thrasea Paetus, a noble man and a lover of liberty. He was banished by Nero, and put to death by Vespasian.

Heraclitus of Ephesus, who lived in the 6th century B.C.

He wrote on philosophy and natural science.

Herculaneum

Near Mount Vesuvius, buried by the eruption of 79 AD.

Hercules

p. 167, should be Apollo. See Muses.

Hiatus

Gap.

Hipparchus of Bithynia

An astronomer of the 2nd century B.C., "The true father of astronomy."

Hippocrates of Cos

About 460-357 B.C. One of the most famous physicians of antiquity.

IDIOT

Means merely the non-proficient in anything, the "layman," he who was not technically trained in any art, craft, or calling.

LEONNATUS

A distinguished general under Alexander the Great.

Lucilla

Daughter of M. Aurelius, and wife of Verus, whom she survived.

MAECENAS

A trusted adviser of Augustus, and a munificent patron of wits and literary men.

Maximus, Claudius

A Stoic philosopher.

Menippus

A Cynic philosopher.

Meteores, ta metewrologika

"High philosophy," used specially of astronomy and natural philosophy, which were bound up with other speculations.

Middle Comedy

Something midway between the Old and New Comedy. See Comedy, Ancient, and New Comedy.

Middle Comedy

Something midway between the Old and New Comedy. See Comedy, Ancient, and New Comedy.

Middle things

Book VII, XXV. The Stoics divided all things into virtue, vice, and indifferent things; but as "indifferent" they regarded most of those things which the world regards as good or bad, such as wealth or poverty. Of these, some were "to be desired," some "to be rejected."

Muses

The nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy, music, etc. Their leader was Apollo, one of whose titles is Musegetes, the Leader of the Muses.

NERVES

Strings.

New Comedy

The Attic Comedy of Menander and his school, which criticised not persons but manners, like a modern comic opera. See Comedy, Ancient.

PALESTRA

Wrestling school.

Pancratiast

Competitor in the pancratium, a combined contest which comprised boxing and wrestling.

Parmularii

Gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma).

Pheidias

The most famous sculptor of antiquity.

Philippus

Founder of the Macedonian supremacy, and father of Alexander the Great.

Phocion

An Athenian general and statesman, a noble and high-minded man, 4th century B.C. He was called by Demosthenes, "the pruner of my periods." He was put to death by the State in 317, on a false suspicion, and left a message for his son "to bear no grudge against the Athenians."

Pine

Torment.

Plato of Athens, 429-347 B.C.

He used the dialectic method invented by his master Socrates. He was, perhaps, as much poet as philosopher. He is generally identified with the Theory of Ideas, that things are what they are by participation with our eternal Idea. His "Commonwealth" was a kind of Utopia.

Platonics

Followers of Plato.

Pompeii

Near Mount Vesuvius, buried in the eruption of 79 A. D.

Pompeius, C. Pompeius Magnus

A very successful general at the end of the Roman Republic (106-48 B.C.).

Prestidigitator

Juggler.

Pythagoras of Samos

A philosopher, scientist, and moralist of the 6th century B.C.

QUADI

A tribe of S. Germany. M. Aurelius carried on war against them, and part of this book was written in the field.

RICTUS

Gape, jaws.

Rusticus

Q. Junius, or Stoic philosopher, twice made consul by M. Aurelius.

SACRARY

Shrine.

Salaminius

Book 7, XXXVII. Leon of Sala-mis. Socrates was ordered by the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them, and Socrates, at his own peril, refused.

Sarmatae

A tribe dwelling in Poland.

Sceletum

Skeleton.

Sceptics

A school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B.C.). He advocated "suspension of judgment," and taught the relativity of knowledge and impossibility of proof. The school is not unlike the Agnostic school.

Scipio

The name of two great soldiers, P. Corn. Scipio Africanus, conqueror of Hannibal, and P.

Corn. Sc. Afr. Minor

Who came into the family by adoption, who destroyed Carthage.

Secutoriani (a word coined by C.), the Sececutores

Light-armed gladiators, who were pitted against others with net and trident.

Sextus of Chaeronea

A Stoic philosopher, nephew of Plutarch.

Silly

Simple, common.

Sinuessa

A town in Latium.

Socrates

An Athenian philosopher (469-399 B.C.), founder of the dialectic method. Put to death on a trumped-up charge by his countrymen.

Stint

Limit.

Stoics

A philosophic system founded by Zeno (4th century B.C.), and systematised by Chrysippus (3rd century B.C.). Their physical theory was a pantheistic materialism, their summum bonum "to live according to nature." Their wise man needs nothing, he is sufficient to himself; virtue is good, vice bad, external things indifferent.

THEOPHRASTUS

A philosopher, pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as president of the Lyceum. He wrote a large number of works on philosophy and natural history. Died 287 B.C.

Thrasea, P. Thrasea Pactus

A senator and Stoic philosopher, a noble and courageous man. He was condemned to death by Nero.

Tiberius

2nd Roman Emperor (14-31 AD.). He spent the latter part of his life at Capreae (Capri), off Naples, in luxury or debauchery, neglecting his imperial duties.

To-torn

Torn to pieces.

Trajan

13th Roman Emperor, 52-117 A.D.

VERUS

Lucius Aurelius, colleague of M. Aurelius in the Empire. He married Lucilla, daughter of M. A., and died 169 A.D.

Vespasian

9th Roman Emperor XENOCRATES of Chalcedon, 396-314 B.C., a philosopher, and president of the Academy.